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C++ is standardized by an ISO working group known as JTC1/SC22/WG21. So far, it has published four revisions of the C++ standard and is currently working on the next.ECMAScript Language Specification - ECMA- 2. Edition 5. 1. Standard ECMA- 2. Edition / June 2. ECMAScript. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, including by removing the copyright notice or. Ecma International, except as needed for the purpose of developing any document or deliverable produced by Ecma. International (in which case the rules applied to copyrights must be followed) or as required to translate it into languages. English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by Ecma International or its successors or. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an . This Software may be subject to third party rights (rights from parties other than Ecma. International), including patent rights, and no licenses under such third party rights are granted under this license even if. Ecma International. SEE THE ECMA CODE OF CONDUCT IN PATENT MATTERS AVAILABLE AT. FOR INFORMATION REGARDING THE LICENSING OF PATENT CLAIMS THAT ARE. REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT ECMA INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS*. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following. Textbook Recommendations - High Beginning: Market Leader is the major business English course for tomorrow's business leaders. Incorporating material from the. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following. Neither the name of the authors nor Ecma International may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE ECMA INTERNATIONAL . IN NO EVENT SHALL ECMA. INTERNATIONAL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT. LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED. AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN. ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Contents. Copyright notice. Introduction. 1 Scope. Conformance. 3 Normative references. Overview. 4. 1 Web Scripting. Language Overview. Objects. 4. 2. 2 The Strict Variant of. ECMAScript. 4. 3 Terms and definitions. Undefined type. 4. Oracle Tuning The Definitive Reference Second Edition Donald K. Retail Price $69.95 USD/ Null type. 4. 3. 1. Boolean value. 4. Boolean type. 4. 3. Boolean object. 4. String value. 4. 3. String type. 4. 3. String object. 4. Number value. 4. 3. Number type. 4. 3. Number object. 4. Infinity. 4. 3. 2. Na. N4. 3. 2. 4 function. Notational Conventions. Syntactic and Lexical Grammars. Context- Free Grammars. The Lexical and Reg. Exp. Grammars. 5. The Numeric String. Grammar. 5. 1. 4 The Syntactic Grammar. The JSON Grammar. Grammar Notation. Algorithm Conventions. Source Text. 7 Lexical Conventions. Unicode Format- Control. Characters. 7. 2 White Space. Line Terminators. Comments. 7. 5 Tokens. Identifier Names and Identifiers. Reserved Words. 7. Punctuators. 7. 8 Literals. Null Literals. 7. Boolean Literals. Numeric Literals. String Literals. 7. Regular Expression. Literals. 7. 9 Automatic Semicolon Insertion. Rules of Automatic. Semicolon Insertion. Examples of Automatic. Semicolon Insertion. Types. 8. 1 The Undefined Type. The Null Type. 8. The Boolean Type. The String Type. 8. The Number Type. 8. The Object Type. 8. Property Attributes. Object Internal Properties. Methods. 8. 7 The Reference Specification Type. Get. Value (V)8. 7. Put. Value (V, W)8. The List Specification Type. The Completion Specification. Type. 8. 1. 0 The Property Descriptor and. Property Identifier Specification Types. Is. Accessor. Descriptor (. Desc )8. 1. 0. 2 Is. Data. Descriptor ( Desc. Is. Generic. Descriptor (. Desc )8. 1. 0. 4 From. Property. Descriptor (. Desc )8. 1. 0. 5 To. Property. Descriptor (. Obj )8. 1. 1 The Lexical Environment and. Environment Record Specification Types. Algorithms for Object Internal. Methods. 8. 1. 2. The language was invented by Brendan Eich at Netscape and first appeared in that company’s Navigator 2. It has appeared in all subsequent browsers from Netscape and in all browsers from Microsoft starting with Internet. Explorer 3. 0. The development of this Standard started in November 1. The first edition of this Ecma Standard was adopted by the Ecma. General Assembly of June 1. That Ecma Standard was submitted to ISO/IEC JTC 1 for adoption under the fast- track procedure, and approved as international. ISO/IEC 1. 62. 62, in April 1. The Ecma General Assembly of June 1. ECMA- 2. 62 to keep it. ISO/IEC 1. 62. 62. Changes between the first and the second edition are editorial in nature. The third edition of the Standard introduced powerful regular expressions, better string handling, new control statements. The third edition of the ECMAScript standard was adopted. Ecma General Assembly of December 1. ISO/IEC 1. 62. 62: 2. June 2. 00. 2. Since publication of the third edition, ECMAScript has achieved massive adoption in conjunction with the World Wide Web where. Significant work was done to develop a. ECMAScript. Although that work was not completed and not published as the fourth edition of ECMAScript, it. The fifth edition of ECMAScript (published as ECMA- 2. Such features include accessor. JSON object encoding format, and a strict mode that provides enhanced error checking and program. This present edition 5. ECMAScript Standard is fully aligned with third edition of the international standard ISO/IEC. ECMAScript is a vibrant language and the evolution of the language is not complete. Significant technical enhancement will. This Ecma Standard has been adopted by the General Assembly of June 2. ECMAScript Language Specification. Scope. This Standard defines the ECMAScript scripting language. Conformance. A conforming implementation of ECMAScript must provide and support all the types, values, objects, properties, functions, and. A conforming implementation of this Standard shall interpret characters in conformance with the Unicode Standard, Version 3. ISO/IEC 1. 06. 46- 1 with either UCS- 2 or UTF- 1. If the adopted. ISO/IEC 1. BMP subset, collection 3. If the adopted encoding. UTF- 1. 6 encoding form. A conforming implementation of ECMAScript is permitted to provide additional types, values, objects, properties, and. In particular, a conforming implementation of ECMAScript is permitted to. A conforming implementation of ECMAScript is permitted to support program and regular expression syntax not described in this. In particular, a conforming implementation of ECMAScript is permitted to support program syntax that makes use of. Normative references. The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments). ISO/IEC 9. 89. 9: 1. Programming Languages – C, including amendment 1 and technical. ISO/IEC 1. 06. 46- 1: 1. Information Technology – Universal Multiple- Octet Coded. Character Set (UCS) plus its amendments and corrigenda. Overview. This section contains a non- normative overview of the ECMAScript language. ECMAScript is an object- oriented programming language for performing computations and manipulating computational objects. ECMAScript as defined here is not intended to be computationally self- sufficient; indeed, there are. Instead, it is expected that the. ECMAScript program will provide not only the objects and other facilities described in this. ECMAScript program. A scripting language is a programming language that is used to manipulate, customise, and automate the. In such systems, useful functionality is already available through a user interface, and the. In this way, the existing system is said. A scripting. language is intended for use by both professional and non- professional programmers. ECMAScript was originally designed to be a Web scripting language, providing a mechanism to enliven Web pages. Web- based client- server architecture. ECMAScript can provide core. Java Data Structures (2nd edition) In contrast to what most people think about Java, it. In this. section, I'll demonstrate few basic data structures. By learning how easy they are to. Java, you'll be able to write any implementation yourself. All these concepts. Incidentally, most of these programs are. C++ counterparts. So, if you want to learn Data Structures in C/C++. Java is an Object Oriented language, but more so. C++, so, most data structure concepts are expressed and illustrated ! Coincidentally, I and a couple of my. C language book, which deals with all that. CPU (Central Processing Unit). Every program ever. Believe it or not, the way you use variables can. This section is a very simple introduction to what. What this means is that if there is an integer. A sample declaration for different variable types is given. I believe the above is straight forward, and doesn't. Variable 't' is declared as boolean type. Primitive types in Java means that you don't have to create them, they're already. For. example, an int type, can be stored in a 3. Java is a very Object Oriented language, and everything in. An object is an instance of a class. Your Java programs consist of. An example of a simple class would be: public class p. Simple. Object. We later say that. Simple. Object. It is called. The set() and get(). One useful terminology. So, to. refer to function set(), you'd say ! The second approach illustrates that it all can be done in one line. The object. does not get created when you just declare it, it's only created when you do a new. First, you declare it, and then you allocate a new object to that pointer. The. only limitation seems to be that you can't do math on these pointers, other than that. C/C++ pointers. Like the ability to work with hundreds or maybe. And here's where our next section starts, the. Arrays! Arrays have a set limit on their size, they can't grow beyond that limit. Arrays. usually tend to be easier to work with and generally more efficient than other structural. You can always resort to having 1. Instead, you can use the clean notation of an array to create, and later manipulate. For example, to create an array to hold 1. The. second example shows that it can all be one in one line. And the third example shows that. Java holds the backwards compatibility with C++, where the array declaration is: int. Array. To us, these notations are. I do however prefer to use the Java one. Similarly, we can set an. For example, to set the 5. Array. The best. and most convenient way to manipulate arrays is using loops. For example, lets say we. This can be done very easily using two. Here, we have the length variable in every array, and we can check it's. So to print out any array named: my. Array, we'd do. something like: for(int i = 0; i< my. Array. length; i++). System. out. println(my. Array. They can't grow or shrink according to need. If you have an array. Similarly, if you have. As an example, take the java. Vector. class (JDK 1. The way it does it. It can be quite fast for small sizes, but. Later, we will look at other data structures where we won't be overly concerned with. Sometimes, however, we'd like to have more than just a plain vanilla. A stack is a FILO (First In, Last Out), structure. For now, we'll. just deal with the array representation of the stack. Knowing that we'll be using an. We can't insert or remove elements into or from the middle of the stack. As I've. mentioned before, everything in Java is an object, (since it's an Object Oriented. Array. Stack. Int. The. constructor named p. Array. Stack. Int() accepts an integer. That integer is to. If you later try to push() more. Nothing is complete without. Array. Stack. Int. Array. Stack. Int. Test. Writing to standard output exactly. The output gotten from this program is: starting.. A perfect example of a FILO structure. The output also. assures us that the stack is working properly. The data is int type (for simplicity). There is a. head data member, that's the actual array. Because we're using an array, with limited. It always has the position which had the. The rest of the functions. Notice that pointer is initialized to - 1, this makes the. The return type is boolean. First, it checks to see if the next insertion will not overflow the. If no danger from overflow, then it inserts. It first increments the pointer and. It. could easily be modified to actually make the array grow, but then the whole point of. First, it checks to see if stack is not empty, if it is empty, it will return 0. You may. want to do something more sensible than simply returning a 0 (an exception throw would not. I did it this way for the sake of simplicity. Then, it returns the value. This. way, it is ready for the next push or pop. Stack is very. simple and is very basic. There are tons of useful algorithms which take advantage of this. FILO structure. Now, lets look at alternative implementations.. It is too much. trouble. The trick I'll illustrate next is what makes Java my favorite Object Oriented. In C++, we also have the void*. Templates is a C++ way to make generic. This makes quite a lot of sense for a. In Java, every object is a descendent of the Object. So, we can just use the Object class in all of our structures, and. Next, we'll write an example that uses this. Array. Stack. Object. The new test module will. Integer objects (not int; not primitive. Array. Stack. Object. Array. Stack. Object. Test. Notice that here, we're not inserting elements of int type, we're. Integer type. This means, that we can insert. Object. starting.. The main idea you should. FILO data structure. After this section, non. Although that is true, the queue. It also involves pointers to specific. We'll determine when the queue is empty if start. To determine if the queue is full (since. To. insert, we'll add one to the start, and mod (the % operator). To remove, we'll add one to the end, and mod (the. Well, lets write it. Array. Queue. In it, we have four. The constructor p. Array. Queue(int maxsize) initializes the queue. The is. Empty() method is. The. insert works by adding one to start, and doing a mod with array. We later check to see if this insertion caused the queue to become full, if yes. It first checks to see if the. If it's not full. Empty(). If it is, the method. This is usually a. The method continues by removing the end object from the queue. The removal is. done in the same way insertion was done. By adding one to the end, and later. The reason. it's like this is because it's pretty easy to think of it. Upon insertion, you add one to start. I've modified that pretty cool test driver from the stack example, and got it. Array. Queue. class p. Array. Queue. Test. The output from the program. It's almost completely different. I guess that's it for this array implementation. FIFO data structure. And now, onto something more complex.. Most. people prefer to implement a list as a linked list (and I'll show how to do that later). A list has. no particular structure; it just has to allow for the insertion and removal of objects. Preferably, a list should also. Well, lets not just talk about a list, but write. Array. List. The number is. The start is the starting pointer. The insert() method works exactly the same way as an. It just increments the start pointer, does a mod. It then inserts the. The next trick is to decrement the end. First, it checks to see if there are elements to remove, if not. Object). It then decrements number. We then create a. After. that, we update the start pointer by first decrementing it, adding array. This gives the appearance of. We later return the position inside the. It checks to see if there are elements to remove by. Empty() method, if there aren't, it returns null. It. then handles the number (number of elements) business, and proceeds with. It first increments the end pointer. It accepts an integer, and we need to return the number which this. This would be no problem if we were using an array. We start this by. What we do next is add 'n' (the requesting.
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